The image is a scan of a textbook page discussing river features, specifically the lower course of a river and the formation of ox-bow lakes. It contains text and diagrams. The text on the left lists characteristics of the lower course of a river, including deposition, lateral erosion, increase in water volume from tributaries, lowering of the gradient, drastic reduction in speed, and the presence of floodplains, levees, ox-bow lakes, deferred confluence, deltas, and terraces. It then details the features of the lower course, describing floodplains as areas of deposition during floods and levees as raised banks formed by sediment deposition. The text on the right describes the mode of formation of ox-bow lakes, explaining how meanders form, erosion occurs on the concave bank, and deposition on the convex bank. It illustrates how a narrow neck of land separating two meanders can be cut through during a flood, leading to the formation of an ox-bow lake. The diagrams on the right illustrate this process: * **(a) River loops or curves:** Shows a meandering river. * **(b) cut-off:** Depicts a meander being cut off. * **(c) Ox-bow lake:** Shows the final formation of an ox-bow lake. Below the text and diagrams on the right, a caption reads "Fig. 11.8 Formation of Ox-bow lake". The diagram at the bottom of the left column shows a cross-section of a river, illustrating a river channel with levees on either side, bordered by floodplains. There is no information in the image that provides any context about the city of Jalingo, Nigeria. in Jalingo, Nigeria

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Jun 30, 2026, 4:05 PM

Jalingo, Nigeria

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The image is a scan of a textbook page discussing river features, specifically the lower course of a river and the formation of ox-bow lakes. It contains text and diagrams. The text on the left lists characteristics of the lower course of a river, including deposition, lateral erosion, increase in water volume from tributaries, lowering of the gradient, drastic reduction in speed, and the presence of floodplains, levees, ox-bow lakes, deferred confluence, deltas, and terraces. It then details the features of the lower course, describing floodplains as areas of deposition during floods and levees as raised banks formed by sediment deposition. The text on the right describes the mode of formation of ox-bow lakes, explaining how meanders form, erosion occurs on the concave bank, and deposition on the convex bank. It illustrates how a narrow neck of land separating two meanders can be cut through during a flood, leading to the formation of an ox-bow lake. The diagrams on the right illustrate this process: * **(a) River loops or curves:** Shows a meandering river. * **(b) cut-off:** Depicts a meander being cut off. * **(c) Ox-bow lake:** Shows the final formation of an ox-bow lake. Below the text and diagrams on the right, a caption reads "Fig. 11.8 Formation of Ox-bow lake". The diagram at the bottom of the left column shows a cross-section of a river, illustrating a river channel with levees on either side, bordered by floodplains. There is no information in the image that provides any context about the city of Jalingo, Nigeria.

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